PHYSICAL VACUUM AND INTERACTION OF MASSES
V. T. Vertushkoff
Dnepropetrovsk, 49128, Ukraine
Date of placing: 02-04-03
The article deals with probable physical meaning of the processes of gravitational, electric and magnetic interaction of masses.
Neutrino n [1, 2] represents a closed world containing Planck’s mass mp. Mass mp in the internal space of neutrino is compensated by negative vacuum energy of the gravitational field. If mass mp is a positive energy of vacuum E = mpc2, mp > 0 [2], gravitational field is considered as a great number of masses m < 0, fluctuating in vacuum, and these masses represent negative energy of vacuum with resultant value of x = mpc2, mp < 0. Energy E = mpc2, mp > 0, represents positive gravitational charge, and energy x = mpc2, mp < 0, is negative gravitational charge. Availability of the external gravitational field in neutrino with the same value of energy x = mpc2 is caused by instant intra-vacuum transitions of fluctuating masses m < 0 [3]. Virtual masses with negative vacuum energy x = m c2 , m < 0, is given paramount role in the interactions of real masses with the energy E = m c2 , m > 0.
Apparently, rotation of the mass mp with numerical value of swing speed being k eg » 1,72 × 10-17 c-1 is just the electric charge qp = k eg mp [4]. Charge q+p of the mass mp in the internal space of neutrino is compensated by the electric field containing the charge q -p, equal by value and opposite by sign. Neutrino has also the external electric field with the same value and sign of the charge, as the internal field. Energy of both internal and external electric field of neutrino is equal to Ee = k eg Eg [4]. This equation means that electric field is the charged gravitational field created by vacuum fluctuations of the same virtual masses with negative vacuum energy x = mpc2, mp < 0. Under escaping to space from vacuum, masses m < 0 during the period of full wave T are rotating in the direction opposite to mass mp rotation. Above stated facts prove, that physical meaning of origination of the gravitational and electric fields in closed space of neutrino is the compensation of gravitational and electric charges of the mass mp. Charges of the fields are opposite by sign to the charges of the mass mp.
It is supposed that oscillatory motion of the neutral point mass causes disturbance of the space structure, resulting in release of graviton by vacuum. As a result, the area of space with negative vacuum energy x < 0 occurs, i. e. free local gravitational field. Immediately after its formation, this field spreads with the light speed c in all directions from fluctuating point mass. Gravity waves are just the sequence of spread space disturbances appearing under the action of harmonic oscillations of the neutral point mass. Fluctuation of the charged point mass is accompanied by releasing photons by vacuum. Appearing thereat local gravitational fields are charged, that is, they bear an electric charge. This charge is also the set (aggregate) of virtual rotating masses m < 0. Electromagnetic (electro-gravitational) waves represent periodic sequence of the charged gravity waves, which are spreading with light speed c. It should be noted that graviton releasing by vacuum gives rise to local gravitational field, and photon releasing results in local charged gravitational field, that is to say, the electric (electro-gravitational) field.
Mechanical waves on the surface of a liquid, sound waves, seismic and other waves are the waves generated by masses with positive energy of vacuum E = m c2, m > 0. Gravitational and electromagnetic waves are those generated by masses with negative vacuum energy x = m c2, m < 0. Spreading of these waves in space differs from the real waves spreading. Gravitational and electromagnetic waves are static with regard to the source, in particular, to fluctuating neutral point mass and charged mass, accordingly. These waves spreading occurs due to intra-vacuum transitions. Each successive wave is generated before previous one, which dissapears not transferring in space. Process of consistent appearance of gravitational and electromagnetic waves in space runs with light speed c.
Resting charged spherical masses interacts by means of electric fields. These fields represents the set of virtual rotating masses m < 0 located along the straight line which connects the rotating masses. Axes of rotation of masses m < 0 are directed towards the center of spherical charged masses. Let’s assume that rotation of virtual masses m < 0 forms the left-handed screw with negatively charged mass and right-handed screw with positively charged mass. Therefore, effects of charges attraction and repulsion can be presented as follows (circular arrows show direction of rotation for masses m < 0):
Virtual
masses m < 0
Left-handed Right-handed
Charges Left-handed Left-handed
screw screw screw screw
Attraction Repulsion
Attraction effect is explained by the fact that virtual masses m < 0 of charges opposite by sign are rotating in the same direction. And vice versa, repulsion effect of like charges is created by opposite direction of the virtual mass rotation.
Electrons (and other charges) in conductors with current move, by virtue of various reasons, with variable speed. Accelerated movement of electrons causes disturbance of space structure inside conductors and generation of electromagnetic waves. Since the number of moving electrons in conductors is tremendous, the conductors emit aperiodic electromagnetic waves in large quantities, on continuous basis and over entire length. Because of absence of the real charged masses in the electromagnetic wave, axes of rotation of virtual masses m < 0 are located along the circular wave, in the case of linear conductor. Here the direction of rotation of masses m < 0 in electromagnetic wave is determined by direction of current in the conductor. Let’s consider interaction of two parallel linear conductors with the same direction of current.
Static electromagnetic waves
Attraction
Figure shows the current in both conductors flowing in the direction from the reader into the page. Circular arrows indicate directions of rotation of the virtual masses m < 0 in the electromagnetic waves. Between points 1–1a, 2–4a, 3-3a and 4-2a of electromagnetic waves in conductors the attraction effect occurs, since virtual masses m < 0 are rotating in the same direction (it is evident under approach and direct contact of rotating masses). Repulsion takes place between points 2-2a and 4-4a (virtual masses m < 0 under their contact are rotating in opposite directions). Calculations with the usage of Coulomb’s law have demonstrated that cumulative attractive force between the points 1-1a, 2-4a, 3-3a and 4-2a of electromagnetic waves 4,7 times increased the repulsive forces between points 2-2a and 4-4a (charges at the points are taken arbitrarily and identical for all the points). In the event of two linear conductors with oppositely directed currents, repulsive forces 4,7 times exceed the attractive ones. It is stipulated by the fact the direction of rotation of the virtual masses m < 0 changes for opposite direction under changing the current direction for reverse one. As appears from the above, magnetic field is the field consisting of the great number of electromagnetic waves generated by the space itself, that is, by physical vacuum under the influence of moving charges. Static, closed electromagnetic waves of the linear conductor with the current are namely the magnetic lines of force.
It is supposed that closed current in the permanent magnet in the form of rectangular parallelepiped consists of two components, namely, spiral current and linear current. Linear current flows inside a spiral, along its axis. Stability of this structure is ensured by the fact that axes of rotation of the virtual masses m < 0 in electromagnetic waves of the linear current and spiral convolutions are mutually perpendicular. Possible forces acting on the linear current from the direction of spiral convolutions are equal by value and opposite by direction.
If the given magnet is cut in half, the halves of the magnet in the cut area are repulsed (provided that one of them is not turned by 180° around the longitudinal axis). Repulsion effect is explained by closed current disconnection under the magnet cutting. Immediately after the magnet division into two halves, closed currents in both halves are restored, with the previous current voltage preserved. As a result, when the magnet halves sides formed by cutting are approaching to each other, repulsion effect occurs. Newly arising closed currents are oppositely directed in the area where magnet is cut into two parts (see. Figure). Further fragmentation of the permanent magnet parts shows that closed currents are restored up to the smallest filings.
Virtual
masses m < 0 Cut
area Spiral and linear currents Electromagnetic
wave
Magnetic needle (permanent magnet) also possesses magnetic field consisting of a great number of static electromagnetic waves. In the Figures of magnetic needle presented below there are no spiral and linear currents shown, as well as the electromagnetic waves. Circle around the magnetic needle represents a tangent to the multitude of electromagnetic waves emitted by the convolutions of spiral current. Of a great number of tangent circles to the electromagnetic waves of magnetic needle, the tangent circle lying in the plane directed to the conductor displays the most efficient interaction with the linear conductor with current. This approach allows to explain the known observation facts.
Repulsion
Conductor Virtual
masses m < 0 Electromagnetic
wave
Attraction
If the magnetic needle is located along the linear conductor with current (see Figures in the top), the repulsive force arises between the points 1-1a of the electromagnetic waves of the conductor and needle, and between the points 2-2a there is attractive force equal by value. Middle portion of the magnetic needle doesn’t interact with the conductor, since axes of rotation of the virtual masses m < 0 in the electromagnetic waves of the conductor and the needle are mutually perpendicular. Therefore, magnetic needle is in unstable position. As a result of interaction of magnetic fields of the magnetic needle and the conductor with current, the needle changes its position and is placed along static circular wave of the conductor (see Figures in the bottom). In this position, poles of the magnetic needle do not interact with the conductor (axes of rotation of the virtual masses m < 0 are mutually perpendicular). Force tending to turn the needle around its longitudinal axis act on the middle portion of the magnetic needle.
Magnets in the form of rectangular parallelepiped can be shown in simplified version (see Figure).
The figures show tangents to the
electromagnetic waves emitted by the convolutions of spiral current and
rotating virtual masses m < 0.
The figures allow to explain effects of attraction or repulsion of the magnets,
as well as the absence of interaction. For example, attraction effect occurs
under approaching of two magnets by sides 3 and 1a, since the virtual masses m < 0 are rotating in the same direction (it is seen when these masses
come together and contact directly). If one of the magnets is turned by 180° around the transverse axis,
attraction is changed for repulsion (masses m < 0 are rotating in opposite directions). On the other hand, when the
magnet sides 5 and 5a are approaching to each other the attraction effect is
observed. However, if one of the magnets is turned by 180° in the plane of magnets contact, the attraction effect doesn’t
disappear. The figures demonstrate that after turning by 180°, the virtual masses m < 0 of
the magnets are still rotating in the same direction. The figures also prove
that sides 5, 6 and 5a, 6a of the magnets interact with each other only. For
example, sides 5 and 6 of one magnet fail to interact with the sides 1a – 4a of
the second magnet. All the possible versions of the given magnets interaction
comprise 20 different positions of attraction and repulsion each. There is no
interaction in 32 positions.
Introduction of negative vacuum masses m < 0 into interaction permits to explain the existing peculiarities of the electromagnetic induction phenomenon. It is known that magnet resting with respect to the coil doesn’t induce current in the coil. It is explained by immobility of the coil windings and magnet electromagnetic waves towards each other. Inductive current arises when these objects approach or move away from each other. In this case the electromagnetic waves of the magnet run through the coil windings, causing inductive current in the closed circuit. Leading role in the current occurrence belongs to the electric field of electromagnetic wave consisting of the rotating virtual negative masses m < 0. When the magnet is moved into the coil, virtual masses m < 0 at the moment of direct contact with the coil windings are rotating in the same direction. When the magnet is moved out from the coil, the same masses m < 0 at the contact with the coil windings appear to rotate in the opposite direction. This implies oppositely directed currents in the coil under magnet moving in and out.
Since the coil represents a magnet, the same explanation can be given to arising inductive current in the other coil under their mutual displacement.
At the moment of closing electric circuit on one coil, short-term inductive current arises in the other. It is explained by formation of a great number of static electromagnetic waves near the coil, which waves come out from the poles of the first coil and run through the windings of the second coil. Under circuit breaking, these electromagnetic waves are drawn into the coil poles, leading to inductive current arising in the second coil.
Neutral or
charged masses have no permanent fields and fail to generate them. Permanent external fields are inherent to
closed geometric spaces (closed worlds) containing a substance. For example,
neutrino n and antineutrino 
[1, 4, 2] have
gravitational and electric fields. External fields are also typical for 
- squarks [1, 4, 2] , photons [5], gravitons and other
mass-less particles.
If there is a neutral spherical mass m < 0 existing in the certain area of the closed Universe, this mass has no gravitational field, provided the other masses are located at infinitely long distance. Local, labile gravitational fields occur under approaching of masses. These fields are along straight lines connecting the centers of spherical masses. Gravitational fields represent the set (aggregate) of virtual non-rotating negative vacuum masses m < 0. The essence of stable gravitation relation between the Sun and the planets can be explained using the historical analogy with Magdeburg hemispheres. Hemispheres were joined together, with air evacuated from their internal space, and after that two eights of horses could not pull them apart. "Zero" vacuum which surrounds Solar system and spaces with negative vacuum energy between the Sun and the planets prevens this system from breakdown ("detachment").
Under interaction of resting electric charges with the masses m > 0 electric fields also occur along the straight lines connecting the charged masses. Individual charged mass has no electric field, provided that the other charges are removed to infinite distance. Electric fields represent the set (aggregate) of virtual rotating negative vacuum masses m < 0. These masses are attracted to each other, if they rotate in the same direction under direct contact, and are repulsed if the directions of rotation of masses m < 0 are opposite. Charges of the electric fields are opposite by sign to the mass charges. It means that positively charged electron corresponds to negative charge of the field under interaction of electron and positron. (Apparently, d-quarks masses are revolving around own symmetry axis acquiring positive charge q=e/3). In a similar manner, negatively charged positron corresponds to positive charge of the field.
Magnet with the mass m > 0 doesn’t generate magnetic field if there are no other magnets. Electrons in this magnet are in random motion. Accordingly, electromagnetic waves emitted by moving electrons are positioned chaotically. When two magnets with random motion of the electrons are approaching to each other, electromagnetic waves emitted by magnets towards each other have organizing effect. These waves arrange the electrons motion in magnets almost instantly, and the attraction or repulsion effect occurs as a result. Closed currents in the interacting magnets are generated and maintained by counter electromagnetic waves of these magnets. As distinct from this, the motion of electrons in closed conductor is generated and maintained by own electromagnetic waves generated under the influence of moving electrons of the same conductor. Primary (starting) electromagnetic waves occur in the area of circuit closing. At the moment of closing, the electrons move with acceleration, being attracted to protons or positively charged ions.
Existence of gravitational, electric and magnetic interactions is explained by the fact that mass of the substance in the Universe is M > 0. That is, the Universe is not static. In static closed universe the substance mass is M = 0 [6, 7], and there are no interactions of the substance with mass defect D m < 0 (attraction) and D m > 0 (repulsion). The Universe, as a closed system, spontaneously tends to achieve static balance, which is expressed in decrease in the mass of the substance due to gravitational, electric and magnetic interactions. Physical vacuum (space) organizes the mass interactions, creating gravitational, electric and magnetic fields through which the above interactions occur.
References
[1] V. T. Vertushkoff. b-Decomposition of Polarized neutron.
[2] V. T.
Vertushkoff. Planck’s Particles P1 and 
- Possible Connection with Other Particles.
[3] V. T. Vertushkoff. Physical Vacuum and Closed Worlds.
[4] V. T. Vertushkoff. Planck’s Units.
[5] V. T. Vertushkoff. Photon as Closed World.
[6] V. T.
Vertushkoff. Planck’s Particles P1 and 
- the Central Role during the Birth and the Evolution of the
Universe.
[7] V. T. Vertushkoff. Physical Vacuum and Properties of the Particles.
V. Vertushkoff,
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Flat 332,
Dnipropetrovsk city,
UKRAINE, 49128