Physical Vacuum and Properties of the Particles

V. T. Vertushkoff

Dnepropetrovsk, 49128, Ukraine

Date of placing: 19.01.2001

Behavior and properties of the particles are considered based on the assumed properties of vacuum point.

Physical vacuum is considered as the point in space, having no dimensions, length and internal structure. For closed worlds, the vacuum point serves as the natural physical medium, in which they can stay in stable equilibrium condition [1]. Closed worlds located in the vacuum point represent the matter in virtual state. It is supposed that vacuum point exists beyond the real space-time. It is expressed in the fact that one and the same (single) vacuum point is present simultaneously in all points of the space. Because of this, any object getting into vacuum point (in the form of closed world) instantly appears in the vacuum points throughout the space.

Vacuum points contain infinite number of closed worlds possessing external gravitational fields. In the static closed world [2], the gravitational field energy is equal to E = mc², where m – mass of the substance, contained in the closed world [3].

Identity, invisibility of the vacuum points, filling the space [1], sets up a requirement for each vacuum point to contain everything included into any other vacuum point. (This condition is strictly met, apparently, in static closed world). And if the universe [4] is developed in one of the vacuum points from elementary closed world (containing the particle and its antiparticle), the same process should run simultaneously in vacuum points of all the space.

Photon, electron and other particles, as well as nuclei, atoms, molecules and macro-bodies, move in resulting gravitational fields of individual vacuum points. Photon represents elementary closed world, containing the particle-antiparticle pair. Photon energy E = hn is the energy of its gravitational field [3]. The Planck’s constant h characterizes the force F, acting on photon in the vacuum point gravitational field. Starting from dimensionality, the value h may be written for the photon in the form of:

where F is the force acting on photon. It is obvious from the formula that the force F determines photon oscillation frequency n depending on its energy E. For the photon containing the resting e ^-, e ⁺ , the gravitational field energy E = hn = 2m_ec². It follows that:

For the q^~ - squark [5] the force

For uncoupled e ^-, moving at the speed of » 10⁶ m/s:

The larger the particle energy E, the stronger the action on it of resulting gravitational field of the vacuum point.

We will consider the photon's motion in void as the displacement of its vacuum fluctuation, i.e. the transferring photon accomplishes cross mechanical oscillations relative to the equilibrium position or in other words relative to the vacuum points on the line, along that the pfoton is transferring at the data moment of time. In a distance equal to the wave length l, and time equal to the oscillation period T, the moving photon is absorbed by the vacuum point. As a result, it instantly appears in all vacuum points throughout the space, and emerges in the space again in exactly the same way. It is impossible to predict in which element of the space volume dV the photon will be emitted. At the moment of its escaping into space, photon disappears from all the vacuum points. In the distance l and time T it is absorbed by vacuum again, and so forth. As a result, the wave packet is formed of the ample quantity of spatially separated constituents. It should be noted that wave packet components do not exist simultaneously. At any given moment of time, moving photon is present in the space in the form of one (single) component of the wave packet. With changing of the field of photon presence in space, its energy E, impulse p, etc. are also changed.

Under transition from the excited state into fundamental one, calcium atom emits one photon, with two different directions of the vector of impulse p. Due to instant intra-vacuum transitions, one and the same photon forms two beams simultaneously. And if the photon is absorbed by one of the polarizing films, it naturally doesn’t pass through the second film too.

Moving electron and other particles with nonzero rest mass also form the wave packets. It allows to assume that the particles, atoms, molecules and macro-bodies may be absorbed and emitted by the vacuum point, forming previously closed worlds.

If there were no quantum fluctuations of the material fields in the space, the space itself, probably, would not exist. Volume of the elementary closed world (photon), containing the resting e ^-, e ⁺ , is equal to V » 5,53 × 10^-38 cm³ [3]. Process of quantum fluctuation includes decomposition of the elementary closed world located in the vacuum point and release of particles and space. In very short time the particle-antiparticle pair forms closed world and is absorbed by the vacuum again. The totality of infinite number of uncoordinated fluctuations of various particle-antiparticle pairs can nevertheless generate and maintain relatively constant space volume. This volume consists of the great number of space micro-volumes, momentarily released in the processes of quantum fluctuation of material fields.

Apparently, the particles-carriers of the interactions do not exist. In the neutron decomposition [5], vectorial W^± -bosons appear as the intermediate products of e ^-, e ⁺ decomposition. In the form of mass-less particles – hypothetical gravitons and real photons the vacuum energy is released in gravitational and electromagnetic interactions of neutral and oppositely charged masses, accordingly. In this case, along the line connecting the interacting masses, the local and labile area of space with the negative vacuum energy e < 0 emerges. Interacting masses compensate the energy e < 0, obtaining mass defect Dm < 0 [2; 3]. The leading role in gravitational and electromagnetic interaction of masses belongs to the physical vacuum. The relative position, in which the Earth and the Sun stay in the course of the billions of years, is ensured by the changed structure of the space (e < 0) along the line, connecting centers of these objects’ gravity. There is no immediate (direct) mutual attraction between neutral masses, as well as between oppositely charged masses. The space appears as an active factor which initiators (giving birth) gravitational and electromagnetic interaction of masses. As the closed system, the universe spontaneously tends to reach static equilibrium [4]. The condition of static equilibrium E = ½e½, E = mc², where m is the mass of substance in the universe; e = Dmc², where Dm < 0 is the mass defect. Equality E = ½e½is fulfilled under Dm = - m. Thus, in the static closed universe the substance mass m = 0.

Static equilibrium in the Universe is disturbed, since the mass m > 0 and E > ½e½. Besides, the Universe is expanding. These and other facts allow to assert that now high-energy mass-less particles (elementary closed worlds) of two types, containing n, and -squark, –anti-squark [5], come into the Universe from vacuum. These closed worlds decompose, releasing particles and space. n, and , – squarks are considered as the invisible (dark) matter in the Universe. From this point of view, the Galaxy is enclosed in huge, roughly spherically-symmetrical distribution of gravitation - linked of the particles - n, and , – squarks. Density of particles increases towards the center of the Galaxy, reaching maximum in the central super-dense object, known as SgrA*. Spiral branches of the Galaxy were formed of the substance synthesized in this object. Substance of the Universe had been generated (and is generated now) in the processes of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions of two pairs of mass-less particles - , and – squark, – anti-squark.