PLANCK`S
PARTICLES P1 AND 
:
THE CENTRAL ROLE DURING THE BIRTH AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE.
V.T. Vertushkoff
Dniepropetrovsk, 49128, Ukraine
www.vertushkov.dp.ua
Date of place: 08.02.2000
They have
been considered (in general outline) processes of origin and forming of the
Universe with the participation of Planck`s particles P1 and in these processes.
The closed world containing a particle and its antiparticle and being in vacuum
(at an vacuum point) can serve as the potential predecessor and the embryo of
the Universe [ 1, 2 ]. In the statical closed world [3] the positive energy of
masses E > 0 of the pair particle-antiparticle was exactly compensated by
the negative energy of vacuum ε < 0. For the closed world (of photon) containing
the resting electron and positron the condition of statical balance has the
appearance of |ε|
= E = 2mec2. In the course of the fulfilment this
condition the resting in the photon the mass 2me of the
electron-positron pair is zero. Photon possesses the outside gravitational
field. It is equal the energy of vacuum ε < 0 of the inside field. The
energy of the outside field is the own energy of photon and its power
characteristic. In Coulomb`s field of nucleus the present photon can decompose
detaching the resting e- e+ and the space infusing into
the Universe space.
Let us assume the photon containing an electron-positron pair has the energy of
order 1015 GeV. On condition of preservation of the statical balance
it means that the energy of vacuum ε = -1015 GeV into the
inside space of the photon compensates the positive energy E=Mc2=1015
GeV. From here the mass M of the electron-positron pair in present photon is
equal M = E/c2 
1,78
x 10-12 kg.
The mass M can appear in the statical closed world containing one resting
electron-positron pair. As a result of quantum fluctuation of vacuum the
electron and the positron acquire relative speeds and corresponding to this
speed the mass M. The arising of the mass M destories the statical equilibrium.
The closed system (i. e. photon) seeks to the restoration of the equilibrium
condition spontaneously. In order to achievement this condition the vacuum
being inside the photon emits massless particles ( they are also photons
themselves ) with the summary energy E = 1015 GeV. The energy of
vacuum becomes equal ε
= -10 15 GeV and transfers the mass M ~ 1,78 x 10-12 kg into zero. The
statical equilibrium restores the closed system. Photon`s outside gravitational
field also acquires the meaning of the energy of vacuum ε = - 1015
GeV. So far as 
-quantums
can have unlimitedly much energy, this energy is always equal some definite
mass M inside of -quantum.
The birth of the Universe begins from the moment when mass M of an incredibly
large value arises in an elemental closed world as a result of quantum
fluctuation (according to above-stated scheme or some other way). The statical
balance of the closed system is disturbed abruptly. The rousing spontaneously
prosses direct at the restoration of the equilibrium condition. In general
there are two types of energy massless particles emiting from the vacuum. These
are particles (being also the closed worlds) containing Planck`s particles P1-,
P1+ and also -,
+
[3, 4]. The number of the particles must be extremely large. Their summary
energy must be equal E = Mc2. It is necessary to the restoration of
statical equilibrium. Apparently, the statical equilibrium restores in closed
system for some period of time. The energy of vacuum ε equals with
the energy E of mass M | ε
| = E = Mc2 according to absolute value. However then the events
followed and brought to the appearance and the growth ( intensification ) of
new mass. It destroyed the formed equilibrium again.
The closed worlds containing Planck`s particles decay rapidly and detach these
particles and space. The arising Universe dilates impetuously and acquires the
cosmic scale owing to detaching space. The formed (arised) space is filled by
free Planck`s particles. Planck`s massless particles possess the gravitational
field with the energy of vacuum ε = - mpc2,
where mp
2,18 x 10-8 kg - Planck`s mass. Let us suppose the density of the
particles was sufficient in order to owing to the influence of the own
gravitational forces they flocked into the clouds of different dimensions.
Probably the evolution of the most large clouds was transient. As a result of
the gravitational compression of the separate gigantic cloud the density of
particles in the central region reached comparatively rapidly to the meanings
in presence of which the annihilative processes are initiated. Just as the
processes of synthesis of the substance arising. During the approach to the
distance l ~
7,49 x 10-16 m Planck`s particles P1- and -
form d-quarks [ 4 ] . The indicated distance is the inside dimension of d-
quark. Its outside dimensions 104 - 105 as much. The
electrons and the positrons are formed out of the quarks. Both electrons with
positrons and quarks make a contribution to the annihilation radiation. The
pressure of radiation was increasing as cloud was condensing and in the end it
began to surpass the gravitational forces. At the completing stage the
radiation tears the super dense bunch consisting of Planck`s particles and some
quantity of substance. As a result of an explosion the super packing decayed
into scattering fragments in the space. This explosion was the first among the
next series of explosions. The fragments packed and burst and formed smaller
fragments (splinters). The substance and antisubstance, which accumulate in
the central regions of the primary superpacking and the next fragments,
were the direct reason of the explosions of these objects.
The frequency and the power of explosions was reducing
as the primary super packing was crushing. The gigantic emptinesses in the
Universe were arising as a result of explosions. There were unstable fragments
of the primary super packing in the center of emptiness before an explosion. The
scattering parts of fragments could crush again forming steady for explosions
objects at last. The galaxies, the accumulations and the composing walls of
emptinesses super (extra ) accumulations of the galaxies were making from the
substance synthesized in these objects. The large-scale structure of the Universe
was made by the explosion processes and was designated before the appearance of
the essential quantities of substance.
It was steady for explosions those fragments in which the forces of gravitation
predominate over radiation. In these fragments the pressure of radiation
carried out the synthesized substance (and antisubstance) to the surface
layers. If a fragment was turning, plasma was emiting along the axis of
rotation (in towards to the least resistance). Apparently steady for decays the
super-dense bunches of Planck`s particles are observed quasars today. From the
substance made by Planck`s particles primary clouds, the II type of star
population was formed. These are elliptical galaxies, spherical accumulation
and etc.
In full we cannot except one version. According to it, the primary cloud of
Planck`s particles was the only one of its kind. At least during the elementary
stages of broadening of the Universe the gigantic mass M had arised in the
elementary closed world and cloud serve as a center of condensation Planck`s
particles. Besides the density of particles ( containing the Planck`s particles
) must be extremely high in the insignficantly small of volume elementary
closed world. In spite of the Universe was dilating as a result of decay these
particles, Planck`s particles could be conserved as the integral
gravitation-linked formation.
Appearance and intensification (growth) of mass of substance disturbed the
statical balance into the Universe as closed system. Obviously the mass of the
substance in it is not zero, i. e. ε + E 
0, | ε | < E, where ε < 0 -
energy of vacuum, E > 0 - energy of mass into the Universe. More over the
Universe is dilating. These facts allow to affirm that Planck`s particles and
space is arriving into the Universe out of vacuum in our time.
Thus the second stage of separation Planck`s particles by vacuum is initiated
by mass of substance that was formed at the first stage. In general the large
conglomerations of masses substance served as centres of condensation secondary
Planck`s particles. In particular one may suppose that Planck`s particles
condensated ( before the formation of spiral branches ) into the super dense
object in the center region of the system of spheric conglomerations Galaxy. This
super dense object is known today as SgrA*. From the synthesized substance in
it the matter of spiral branches of Galaxy was making ( creating ). At the same
time the star population of the I type is being situated near the main flat of
Galaxy concentrating in the branches. It is known the objects having the traits
both elliptical and spiral galaxies. Apparently the central regions of some
elliptical galaxies also contain superdenses consisting of Planck`s particles. The
superdence bunches of Planck`s particles can be situated in the regions
represented by the star population of type I. These are diffused accumulations,
lighting nebulas and others. The Planck`s particles pretend to the role of
invisible substance in the Universe. From these positions the spiral galaxies
are inside of the large sphericaly symmetrical distribution of Planck`s
particles. The density of particles increases in towards to the center of galaxies
reaching maximum in the central superdense objects. According to both
above-stated and scientific works [ 3, 4 ] the substance of the Universe was
formed by two pairs of massless particles:
P1-,
P1+ and -,
+.
References
[1] V.T. Vertushkoff. Photon as closed world.
[2] V.T. Vertushkoff. Phisical vacuum and closed worlds.
[3] V.T. Vertushkoff. Planck's units.
[4] V.T. Vertushkoff. Planck's particles Pl and - possible connection with other particles.
E-mail: vertushkov@ua.fm
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V. Vertushkoff |